Brown and White Vol. 4 no. 17

              dr dudley's lecture president drown in introducing dr dudley to the college said substantially : it is twenty-one years this month since the penn sylvania railroad decided to hire a chemist the sheffield scientific school of yale was applied to and dr chas b dudley was recom mended to this new position in an unknown field there are now seven chemists under dr dudley and work for as many more dr dudley then took the platform and addressing the college as fel low-students stated the subject he intended to speak on as " lubrica tion and particularly its applica tion to journals " everything connected with lubrication is a loss therefore the only object of a study of this subject is to see how far we may reduce those losses which we shall divide into three general classes : first the loss of the lubricant none of which is ever saved in car and engine lubrication the penn sylvania railroad purchases 1000 barrels of oil monthly for use on freight cars alone second loss by wear for every 25,000 miles traveled by a car each bearing loses approxi mately one pound or 15 cents worth the journal also looses metal which is practically worth 40 or 50 cents per pound third power is lost the sum total of these three losses on the pennsylvania railroad amounts to from three fourths of a million to one million dollars a year dry friction or friction between two unlubricated surfaces has been very carefully and exhaustively studied by general morin of the french army who has given us the two well known principles of fric tion : tli at friction is independent of the extent of the surfaces in con tact and directly dependent on the weight however in lubricated friction these two laws are almost reversed dr dudley then explained and illustrated the use of an oil tester to solve a problem one must have clearly before us all the ele ments entering into it in the case of the lubrication problem the elements are the journal the bearing and the lubricant the bearings now used by the penn sylvania railroad are phosphor bronze with a layer of lead inside to prevent hot boxes between this and the journal is a film of lubricant which dr dudley sup poses from experiments he has made to be in the neighborhood of 1-1000 of an inch in thickness this lubricant undoubted v ad heres to both the journal and bear ing the friction occurring between these two films or in the liquid itself so that we are really dealing with fluid friction this fluid friction comes from the viscosity of lehigh university south bethlehem pa monday november 23 1896 vol iv no 17 the brown and white calendar monday nov 23 — meeting of forum christmas hall 7.80 p m tuesday nov 24 — meeting of mathematical club physical laboratory 7.15 p m subject " conic sections from cones meeting of civil section of engineering society physical laboratory 7 p m wednesday nov 25 — meeting of agora christmas hall 7 p m thursday nov 26 thanksgiving day — football baltimore athletic club at baltimore saturday nov 28 — lacrosse prac tice on athletic field 10.30 a m sunday nov 29 — meeting of christian association christ mas hall at 6.15 p m subject a wrong conception of life thursday dec 8 — third of series of free public lectures on the " chemistry of every day life subject " chemistry of the metals by dr richards meeting of electrical engi neering society physical labo ratory 7.30 p m friday dec 4 — meeting of chess club christmas hall 7.30 p.m saturday dec 5 — meeting of 98 epitome board 2 p m notices dr.ullmann's lecture dr ullmann instructor in quan titative analysis gave a very inter esting lecture on the " chemistry of water on thursday night in the lecture room of the chemical laboratory this was the second of the series of free lectures to be given by the professors and instruc tors of the university ' dr.ullmann said in part : " water plays a very important part in every-day life it covers three fourths of the surface of the globe and is always present in the atmos phere as vapor water exists in three forms viz solid liquid and gaseous as a liquid it is a bad conductor of but has a great capac ity for heat it is the great regu lator of the earth's temperature water also occurs in certain min erals as water of crystallization in wood and forms about seventy three per cent of the human body " water is a compound of two elements hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio by volume of two to one this is proved by the decomposi tion of water by electricity " water in nature is more or less impure even as vapor in the atmosphere more oxygen than nitrogen is absorbed from air by water and thus it is supplied to the fish micro - organisms are carried in suspension terrestrial waters are always impure from the dissolving prop erty of water thus we have effer vescent sulphur and iron springs ; and hathorn water from saratoga in testing for sewage the nitro genous organic matter is converted into ammonia and this latter can be detected and the quantity de termined the lecture was interspersed with interesting experiments and hearty applause greeted the lect urer at its close the subscribers of the brown and white are re quested to pay their subscrip tions the maintenance of the paper depends upon the payment of subscriptions and it is neces sary to pay as we go the mathematical club will meet on tuesday evening at 7.15 o'clock in the physical laboratory g c white 97 will give a paper on " conic sections on the cone the regular meeting of the civil engineering society will be held in the physical laboratory tuesday nov 24 at 7 p m chiles 97 will read a paper entitled trie repair of a railroad tunnel floor by use of melan arch inverts this lecture will be of special in terest to junior civils and all are earnestly requested to attend — , + yesterday's new york sun re ferring to the yale-princeton game r states : dashiell and mcclung are voted the best officials in the coun try the junior civils added a second victory to their credit saturday afternoon their victims this time being the hefty club the score however was only one touchdowns to a safety and the ball was within eight yards of the civils goal when time was called at the end of second half the liquid which differs very much for different lubricants but this is not all that causes friction ; the little projections of one surface fit into the depressions of the other and get torn off how ever this constitutes but a small portion of the total friction by far the larger part of the oil put into an axle box never reaches the bearing surfaces but to that which does four things may hap pen namely it may vaporize it may oxidize it may be squeezed out by the high pressure or it may get mixed up with the wearings in practice all usually take place to a greater or less extent that the bearing problem is complex may be readily seen from the following list of variables which enter into it they are : first pressure second nature of sur faces ; third extent of surfaces in contact ; fourth the condition of the surfaces as regards smoothness ; fifth the speed of rotation of journal sixth the temperature seventh the nature of the lubri cant and eighth the amount of oil between the surfaces there are two great partially unsolved questions yet ; the kind of oil to be used and how to use it the kind of oil to be used is that oil which will all things being considered give the best results for the least money the way to use the oil is to so apply it that the lubrication may be done with the least amount possible could this be done probably five-sixths of the oil now used would be saved the university authorities are to be highly complimented on iheir judgment in securing a lecturer who possesses such a thorough knowledge of his subject and has so clear and concise a manner of expressing it <► on friday afternoon the runts defeated the junior electricals by a score of 8-0 the eunt team is composed of such stars as shorty james chub morris and peck gan non and it is easy to see how they had a walkover with their oppo nents although dunk kennedy did the best he could to check their fierce onslaughts but he could not do everything leidy tackled like a fiend often throwing his man to earth with a resounding thud shorty bowers was greatly handi capped by his trousers which were big enough for the whole team to get into the runts claim the championship of the section teams because they think they can beat any of them but they are willing to play at any time to prove this assertion gass 93 refereedthe lafayette wesleyan game at easton satur day in a most satisfactory manner the senior class election held last wednesday resulted in the choice of s p senior for president and l r lee for treasurer lacrosse during the past few days there has been considerable practice on the old athletic field by several lacrosse players enough to form a nucleus for a team it is very en couraging to know that there are many students in the university who come from localities where lacrosse is the prevailing sport all that is necessary is to collect the good material that pennsyl vania can afford and by a little organization and practice develop it into a good team a movement is now on foot to agitate this branch of pennsylvania's athletics and it is confidently expected that before long systematic practice will begin — pennsylvanian -*> the yale epitome a new peri odical has just appeared it is to be published annually and deals solely with college publications its aim being to reprint representative articles from each